Glossary

access control

1. On HP X stations, a configuration parameter that, when switched on, restricts the computers that can communicate with your X station to:

   • the TELNET host

   • the X session manager

   • hosts listed in the file basepath/etc/terminalname.hosts
     (where terminalname is the terminal name or IP address of your X station).

2. On host computers running the X11R5 version of XDM or HP VUE, you can configure one of the following files to prevent an X station or a range of X stations from receiving X session management services from the host computer:
   • /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xaccess
   • /usr/vue/config/Xaccess
   • /opt/hpxt/enware/xdm/Xaccess (HP-UX 10.x)
   • /etc/dt/config/Xaccess (HP-UX 10.x)

administration script

You can use the administration script (xtadm) to do the following:

• Create or remove an X station's remote configuration file and the X station's entry in bootptab and /etc/hosts
• Add or remove an X station in /bootptab and /etc/hosts and create or remove a remote configuration file for the X station
• Add or remove a printer connected to an X station
• Check the installation of the X station software
• Check the operation of BOOTP, TFTP, and XDM
• Control the operation of XDM.

For information about invoking the script, see Running the X Station Administration Scripts.

agent

The SNMP software that runs on the equipment being controlled, such as the X station. The agent is polled by the network manager, which runs on a host computer.

Aserver extension

A downloadable extension for use with the audio card. This extension is loaded by default on any ENVIZEX or ENTRIA X station with the audio card installed.

backing store

A feature that saves parts of windows that are obscured by other windows. This feature can improve performance, but can also quickly consume the X station's memory.

basepath

All downloadable X station files have this path in common. Normally it will be:

Platform

Default Base Path

HP-UX 9.x

/usr/lib/X11/700X

HP-UX 10.x

/opt/hpxt/enware/xthome

IBM AIX

/usr/lib/X11/700X

SCO UNIX

/usr/lib/X11/700X

Sun/Solaris

/usr/lib/X11/700X

base system

The hardware-dependent file that is used when starting up the X station. The default file name is:
basepath/bin/CxxxxA

(with a TR or VG appended if a token ring or 100VG network card is installed), where xxxx is the 4-digit model number on the back of the X station.

See also X server.

BOOTP

Boot protocol, a standard protocol for downloading network configuration data to an X station. The computer looks for an X station's Ethernet address (which is contained in the boot request) in the bootptab file and, if it is found, downloads the X station's configuration information.

Alternatives include using DHCP or the configuration screens.

bootpquery

A diagnostic tool that sends out boot requests and reports the responding boot servers. bootpquery can detect responses only if the boot server has the ba flag set.

bootptab

A file that contains configuration information, including IP address, for an entire network. Typically, bootptab is located in:

• On HP-UX and IBM systems: /etc/bootptab

• On SCO and Sun systems:
  install_directory/usr/etc/700X/bootptab

boot request

A request for network configuration information that an X station submits when it is switched on. This request includes the X station's Ethernet address.

boot server

The computer that responds to an X station's BOOTP or DHCP request. By default, the boot server is also the file server. You can change this by using the T145 tag in the bootptab file.

clients

Programs written specifically for the X Window System, for example mwm, xterm, and xclock.

clock (local client)

On Sun systems, a local OpenLook clock client.

control panel

In ENWARE VUE/RX and HP VUE, a window that shows the time and date and contains a collection of icons you can use to launch frequently-used applications. The control panel services all your workspaces.

In ENWARE VUE/RX, the control panel is set up by the user's .Xdefaults and .vuerxrc files. These files are derived from basepath/lib/app-defaults/Vuerx and basepath/vuerx/sys.vuerxrc respectively.

CSLIP

Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol, a method by which an X station can communicate with a host computer connected to the X station's serial port. CSLIP is not supported on HP-UX 9.x computers.

See also SLIP.

CxxxxA files

The CxxxxA files (which are found in basepath/bin) contain the base system code for the HP X stations. Each X station looks for the appropriate base system code automatically. The X server classname is Hewlett_Packard_Company-CxxxxA, where xxxx matches the model number of the X station (for example, Hewlett_Packard_Company-C2731A).

DEC_XTRAP extension

An extension that "traps" and records mouse, keyboard, and notify events when used with DEC_XTRAP software on the host. This extension is most useful in debugging software programs or looking at what events are occurring inside the X server.

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, a standard protocol for downloading network configuration data to an X station. Unlike BOOTP, which sends network configuration data only if the X station is listed in the bootptab file, DHCP sends network configuration data to any X station as long as the DHCP daemon has IP addresses and terminal names available in its database.

dkmserver extension

An X server extension that enables you to send a predefined keyboard map to the window that runs a particular client.

domain

The part of each X station's unique address (host name) that follows the first period. For example, if the address is xnet4.tw.usa, then xnet4 is the terminal name and tw.usa is the domain. The domain name is the unique name for your network; the terminal name is tied to your IP address and is unique to your X station. You do not need to specify a domain if you do not use a domain name server.

domain name server

See name server.

drag

To press and hold down a mouse button while moving the mouse on the desktop (and the pointer on the screen). Typically, dragging is used with menu selecting, window moving, and window resizing.

dtterm (local client)

A local client CDE terminal emulator. It is part of the HP ENWARE CDE Software optional product.

dtwm (local client)

A local client CDE desktop window manager. It is part of the HP ENWARE CDE Software optional product.

ENWARE VUE/RX

A local-client window manager that adds an HP VUE-like control panel and workspaces to an mwm-like window manager. For more information and memory requirements, refer to Understanding and Using Local Clients.

Ethernet address

Another name for the hardware (or link-level) address, a unique identifier required for every device that operates on a network (for example, 08000908acf6 (hex)). The X station's Ethernet address is on its shipping carton, its boot screen, and its configuration screens.

file server

The computer that sends an X station the files it requires (such as the fonts and the base system file). This is not the same as a cluster server, which controls the file-system disk drive in a network cluster.

Floppy extension

A downloadable extension that is automatically loaded by ENVIZEX stations with the optional floppy drive installed. This extension supports reading and writing IBM-Formatted DOS diskettes through the NFS protocol. For more information about the floppy drive, see Using the Floppy Drive.

font

A collection of characters that have a characteristic shape. For example, the body of this manual is printed in Modern Roman font, while the headlines are printed in Helvetica.

fonts.alias

A file that sets up font aliasing. Each font directory should contain a fonts.alias file. The fonts.alias file must contain the following line:

  FILE_NAMES_ALIASES

This line allows you to call fonts by their filenames (without the .snf extension). For example, you can enter an R3 fontname such as:

-adobe-courier-bold-o-normal--10-100-75-75-m-60-hp-roman8

as courBO10 (the filename is courBO10.snf).

The fonts.alias file may also contain lines similar to the following:

fixed  -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso8859-1
variable  -*-helvetica-bold-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*

These lines tell the X server which fonts to use whenever a client calls for a font called fixed or variable. A good definition of fixed is quite important. It is the font that clients usually accept when the font they request is not available.

fixed and variable can only be defined once. The first occurrences of fixed and variable in the font path define the fixed and variable fonts. Occurrences in subsequent fonts.alias files are ignored.

fonts.dir

A file that lists the fonts found in a directory and maps the font names used by clients to font files. To find a font, the X server checks the fonts.dir files of the directories in its font path.

font path

A list of font directories the X server searches to find the fonts that it needs.

font server

A program that creates fonts as needed, rather than having the computer store the various font styles, sizes, and weights in separate bitmap files.

gateway

A device that allows interconnection between computer networks, such as a router.

home directory

The initial directory that you are placed in when you log on. Typically, this is /users/username, where username is your logon name. You keep all "your" files in or under your home directory.

The HOME environment variable contains the path of your home directory. Type echo $HOME to find the value of this variable.

host name

A unique string that identifies a computer on the network. It consists of a terminal name, possibly followed by a period and a domain. For example, in the host name pc.tw.usa, pc is the terminal name and tw.usa is the domain. You do not need to specify a domain if you do not use a domain name server.

hosts table

A list of host names and the corresponding IP address; typically, /etc/hosts.

hpnpf

A the utility that is used by the print spooler. A print command causes the wrapper-model script to use hpnpf to complete a print request.

hpnptyd

A daemon that starts a separate child process for each serial or parallel port input device.

hpterm

A client that displays a terminal window that emulates HP 2622-compatible terminals. A local hpterm client is supplied with ENWARE. For more information, see the man page for hpxt.hpterm.

icon

A small, graphic representation of an object on the root window. Objects can be "iconified" (turned into icons) to clear a cluttered workspace and "normalized" (returned to their original appearance) as needed. Processes executing in an object continue to execute when the object is iconified.

image

A set of files that can boot and run an X station.

IP address

An Internet Protocol address consists of four decimal integers separated by periods. Each integer represents eight bits (an octet) of an IP address. The IP address consists a network portion and a host portion.

link-level address

See Ethernet address.

local clients

Applications that run directly on the X station rather than on the host. The most common local clients are window managers and terminal emulators. Local clients reduce host loading and network traffic, but require X station memory.

local configuration

Configuring each X station from its own configuration screens.

See also remote configuration

login server

A computer that runs an X session manager such as XDM, HP VUE, dtlogin, or scologin. By default, the file server is also the login server.

Log2File extension

A downloadable extension that dumps log screens to a file.

magic cookie

The client authorization mechanism used in HP X stations. The magic cookie is a key generated by dtlogin, vuelogin, scologin, or XDM and sent to the X server at login time. Each X session has one, unique, key.

Makemap extension

A downloadable extension that creates and adds a keyboard map from the file specified in the "XKeymap File" remote configuration variable. The configuration screens present this added map in the list of usable keyboards. (The keyboard map must be in "xmodmap" format.)

Management Information Base (MIB)

A list of variables (SNMP objects) that an SNMP agent can access. The standard lists are called MIB I and MIB II.

modules.ld

The modules.ld file (basepath/bin/modules.ld) lists the local clients that are available to HP X stations. The contents of this file are displayed on the [Preferences] configuration screen (for local clients) and on the [Server] configuration screen's Extensions popup window (for downloadable extensions).

MPEG

1. An internationally recognized standard for compressing and decompressing video and synchronized sound.

2. A downloadable extension used by the video player.

MultiBuf extension

A downloadable extension that lets graphic and animation-intensive software use "software multi-buffering" in the X terminal. This results in faster visual performance and smoother image rendering.

mwm (local client)

A local-client version of the mwm window manager.

name server

The computer that resolves host names and their corresponding IP address. If you use a name server, you can enter the host name (rather than the IP address) in the configuration screens. HP X stations support DNS and local (/etc/hosts) name services.

netmask

See subnet mask.

network manager

The SNMP software that runs on a host computer. HP's version of this software is called Network Node Manager (NNM); the X windows extension to this software is X Node Manager (xnm). NNM is part of Open View/UX (OV/UX), HP's network management package.

NFS

Network File System, a file-transfer mechanism for downloading X server code and font files from the file server to the X station. NFS is a faster alternative to TFTP.

NFSServer extension

A downloadable extension that is loaded with the Floppy extension, or separately by systems containing Flash ROM card options. This extension lets you read and write either to the floppy disk (if that option is installed) or the ROM card through the NFS protocol.

NIS server

The computer that resolves host names and their corresponding IP address on systems that use the NIS name service.

node name

See terminal name.

non-X-client

A program that is written to run on a terminal and so must be "fooled" by a terminal emulator into running in the window environment.

olwm (local client)

On Sun systems, a local OpenLook window manager client.

peer

An intermediate process that can start a local client. The peer seeks out specific information about your X station from your $HOME directory and passes it along to the local client. We recommend that you always start local clients by using their peer processes (with names hpxt.*).

ping

A program that sends an echo packet, usually once a second. Each packet is echoed back and the time taken displayed. When ping terminates, a screen of communications statistics is displayed. The ping program is located in /etc/ping (/usr/sbin/ping for HP-UX 10.x).

pointer

Sometimes called the "mouse cursor," the pointer shows the location of the mouse. The pointer's shape depends on its location. In the root window, the pointer is an ×.

PPP

1. Point-to-Point Protocol, an Internet standard for transferring data within UNIX systems, and between UNIX and other systems. You can use PPP to make a connection from X station to host.

   See also SLIP.

2. A downloadable extension.

primary manager

The XDMCP manager that relays an X station's indirect request for an X session manager to a list of secondary managers. These secondary managers can send the X station a "willing" response to indicate that they are available to provide X session management.

pseudo-terminal driver

A program that allows the computer to talk to a device on the LAN as if that driver were connected directly to one of the computer's output ports.

Each pseudo-terminal driver has two sides, a master side that talks to the hardware device and a slave side that talks to the application software within the computer.

Each pseudo-terminal driver is designated by two characters in the form ah. a is an alphabetic character from p up to z, depending on how many pseudo-terminal drivers are on your system. h is a hexadecimal number from 0 to f.

The master side of the pseudo-terminal driver is controlled by a ptyah file in /dev/ptym and the slave side of the pseudo-terminal driver is controlled by a ttyah file in /dev/pty. Thus, the pseudo-terminal driver r8 would be controlled by the following two files:

master-side of r8

/dev/ptym/ptyr8

slave-side of r8

/dev/pty/ttyr8

RARP

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, a protocol for downloading network configuration data to an X station. The network configuration data, which includes the IP address of the X station and of the computers it accesses, enables the X station to communicate directly with the other devices on the network.

reboot

To reload the X server code. The easiest way to accomplish this is by switching the X station off and on.

remote configuration

Configuring all X stations from the host.

See also local configuration

reset

To restart the X server code that is already loaded into the X station. Resetting closes all connections to X clients and activates certain configuration parameters, such as the XDMCP method, and reloads the fonts. To reset the X station either Exit your session manager (the recommended method) or press the following keys:

• On PC 101/102/104 layout keyboards: [Ctrl][Alt][Delete]

• On 46021A HP-HIL keyboards: [Ctrl][Shift][Reset]

• On the LK201-layout keyboard: [Ctrl][Shift][F4]

• On the Sun Type 4 layout keyboard: [Ctrl][Alt][Delete]

rgb.txt file

A file that maps color names to the output of the monitor's color guns.

root menu

The menu associated with the root window. The root menu enables you to control the behavior of your environment.

root window

The backdrop of your X environment when you start X. Although you can hide the root window under windows or other graphic objects, you can never position anything behind the root window. All windows and graphic objects appear "stacked" on the root window.

ScanServer extension

Automatically loaded by ENVIZEX stations installed with an optional SCSI/ROM kit, the ScanServer extension provides the "driver" information necessary to use supported HP scanners across the network. HP deskscan software, standard on HP MPower installations, is also required.

scologin

On SCO systems, a program used to take care of the login process and control X server displays. It checks the password file, selects a system shell, and sets up the user's environment. It starts clients automatically when users log in and closes sessions automatically when users log out.

session manager

See X session manager.

SharedX (local client)

A local client version of SharedX, which lets you share X windows with any other X capable device on the network, including non-HP X servers. The sender must run the SXext extension; the receiver does not need to run SXext.

As the sender, you can:

• Decide who may input to a shared window

• Control whether the receiver can input into the shared window

• Allow the receiver to forward the window to another receiver, (termed "daisy chaining").

During a SharedX session, you can also choose to use a shared pointing device, called a "telepointer", which can be manipulated by both the sender and all receivers. SharedX also includes a sample address book, font aliases and user preferences.

Before you start SharedX as a local client, make sure you disable the Client Authorize and Access Control parameters from the configuration screens.

SLIP

Serial Line Internet Protocol, a method by which the X station can communicate with a host computer connected to the X station's serial port. If you set an X station to initiate communications in SLIP and it receives a response in CSLIP, the X station switches to CSLIP.

See also CSLIP and PPP.

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol, a protocol used in network monitoring and management. The term "SNMP" is usually taken to mean the protocol, daemons, and MIBs used in network management.

Snmpd extension

A downloadable extension that supports SNMP Version 1.

SnmpdV2 extension

A downloadable extension that supports both SNMP Version 1 and party-based SNMP Version 2.

subnet mask

Four decimal integers that subset the host address space into multiple subnetworks. When the subnet mask is expressed as a binary number, each 1 represents a network part of the IP address (which is the same for all devices in the subnet), and each 0 represents a host part (which can be different for different devices).

For example, if the subnet mask is 255.255.0.0, the device with IP address 25.7.1.15 is part of the same subnet as every other device with IP address 25.7.x.x.

The default subnet mask depends on the first digit of the X station's IP address:

Class A

255.0.0.0

Class B

255.255.0.0

Class C

255.255.255.0

SXext extension

A downloadable extension used by SharedX (either the host version or the local client). To use SharedX, the sender must run the SXext extension; the receiver does not need to run SXext.

sync

To display a data image, a monitor must synchronize (sync) its screen refresh rate with the output of the X station. To make this synchronization possible, the X station sends out a sync signal that tells the monitor when the next bit of data is coming. There are two common ways of providing this sync signal:

• External sync (also known as digital sync). Horizontal and vertical synchronization signals are sent on two separate lines. Digital sync is part of the VGA standard.

• Internal sync (also known as sync on green in the case of color monitors and composite sync in the case of monochrome monitors). Synchronization signals are sent on the line that carries green or monochrome information to the monitor. Internal sync is typically used with high resolution monitors.

Sync extension

A downloadable extension that lets clients synchronize via the X server. This eliminates the network delays and the differences in synchronization primitives between systems. The extension provides a general counter resource; clients can alter the value of a counter, and can block their execution until a counter reaches a specific threshold. For example, two clients share a counter initialized to 0; one client draws graphics and then increments the counter; the other client is blocked until the counter is 1, and then draws additional graphics.

sys.xsession

A sample startup script used with XDM (and dtlogin or vuelogin in XDM-mode) if .xsession (or .xinitrc) is not found in the user's home directory. A sample sys.xsession file is located in:

• On HP-UX 9.x systems: /usr/lib/X11/xdm

• On HP-UX 10.x systems: /opt/hpxt/enware/xdm

• On Solaris 1 systems: /usr/enware/usr/lib/X11/xdm/

• On Solaris 2 systems: installdir/usr/lib/X11/xdm/

• On SCO UNIX systems: /u/enware/usr/lib/X11/700X/examples/

Sun users can copy a sample .xinitrc file from $OPENWINHOME/lib/Xinitrc.

TELNET

1. The Internet standard protocol that allows a user at a terminal to interact with a remote computer over a network.

2. A downloadable extension (loaded by default) that allows the X terminal to use the TELNET (and serial) protocols to different hosts (or serial devices) via local clients. Unloading this extension saves approximately 70KB of memory.

terminal emulator

A window that emulates a complete display terminal. Terminal emulators are typically used to "fool" non-X-client programs into believing they are running in their favorite terminal. When not running programs or executing operating system commands, terminal emulators display the command-line prompt.

Common terminal emulators include hpterm, which emulates HP terminals, and xterm, which emulates DEC VT102 and Tektronix 4014 terminals.

The ENWARE X station software contains several local terminal emulators that run on the X station, thus reducing the load X stations place on the host system.

terminal name

The part of the host name that precedes the first period. For example, in the host name xnet4.tw.pjl, xnet4 is the terminal name and tw.pjl is the domain.

The terminal name (also called "node name") is tied to the unique IP address of the X station, and identifies the X station on the network. The system administrator typically chooses a name that identifies the X station's user.

TFTP

Trivial File Transfer Protocol, a file-transfer program for downloading X server code and font files from the file server to the X station. NFS is a faster alternative to TFTP, but it must be set up on your system.

trap

An SNMP message sent by an agent to the network manager that indicates a particular event has occurred (for example, a cold start).

twm (local client)

A local-client version of the twm window manager. (twm is provided as a convenience, but is not supported.)

video player (local client)

A local client that plays MPEG video files, with or without audio. It requires an MPEG accelerator card.

vuelogin

An X session manager that can provide users with HP VUE sessions or with XDM-mode sessions. It checks the password file, selects a system shell, and sets up the user's environment. It starts clients automatically when users log in and closes sessions automatically when users log out.

vuewm (local client)

A local-client window manager that interacts with HP VUE 3.0 to off-load management of the control panel and workspaces to the X station.

WhiteBoard

A local graphics application. You can use WhiteBoard by yourself or collaborate with other X station and workstation users.

window manager

A client that controls the size, placement, and operation of windows on the root window. The window manager menu is called from the root window.

workspace

The screen area where you can put your applications. mwm and twm have only one workspace; by default, ENWARE VUE/RX has four workspaces.

Xauthority

The file that contains a magic cookie, used for client authorization.

xclock (local client)

A local-client version of the standard X11 clock program. It displays the time, in either analog (hands and dial) or digital (text readout) form.

XDM (X Display Manager)

A program used to take care of the login process and control X server displays. It checks the password file, selects a system shell, and sets up the user's environment. It starts clients automatically when users log in and closes sessions automatically when users log out.

When you log in, XDM (and dtlogin or vuelogin in XDM-mode) automatically runs the .xsession (or .xinitrc) script in your home directory to start the window manager and clients.

Error messages from clients are put in the .xsessionlog file in your home directory.

XDMCP (X Display Manager Control Protocol)

X stations that support XDMCP, such as HP X stations, are able to broadcast to a computer a request for XDM services. In contrast, X stations that do not support XDMCP require the computer to poll the X station continuously to ask if the X station requires X session management services yet.

Once the computer is able to provide X session management services to an X station, the computer must poll continuously to determine if the X station still requires those services.

xflash (local client)

A local client that you use to reprogram a ROM-based server card. Only "flash" cards can be reprogrammed.

XIdle extension

A downloadable extension that provides the time in hours, minutes, and seconds since either the keyboard or mouse was last used. Software often links the XIdle extension to a screen saver, locking the display after a specified period of inactivity.

XIE extension

The X image extension, combined with XIE-capable software, provides fast image manipulation without the expense of transferring large images across the network.

xlock (local client)

A local-client version of the standard lock program.

xlsfonts

A program that lists the fonts available to your X station. Changing your font path changes the fonts you have available. Typically, xlsfonts is located in:

• On Sun systems: /usr/openwin/bin/xlsfonts
• On other systems: /usr/bin/X11/xlsfonts

X server

The combination of graphics display, hardware, and X-server software that provides display services for clients. Three different X server files are provided: XEnvizex, XEntria, and XEntriaM. See also base system.

Xsession

Xsession is used with XDM to start the user's X session script. It uses .xsession in the user's home directory if this exists, otherwise it uses /usr/lib/X11/xdm/sys.xsession. For HP-UX 10.x systems, the sys.xsession file is in: /opt/hpxt/enware/xdm/sys.xsession.

X session manager

A process running on the host that takes care of how users log in, which clients are started automatically, and how clients are terminated when the users log out. Some common X session management programs are HP VUE, XDM, and scologin.

xsessionlog

.xsessionlog is the user's error log when using XDM.

xtadm

See administration script.

xterm

A client that displays a terminal window that emulates DEC VT102 and Tektronix 4014 terminals. A local xterm client is supplied with ENWARE. For more information, see the man page for hpxt.xterm.

XTest extension

A downloadable extension developed by the X consortium that provides a method for capture and playback (with synchronization) of X traffic, keyboard, and mouse events. Software generally employs the XTest extension for regression testing or "live" unattended demos.

XTouch extension

A downloadable extension for use with touch screens.

x11start.700x

The X station startup script for use with TELNET. A sample can be found in basepath/examples.